The past couple weeks I've been teaching about recursive types and their encodings in B522. Here's a short annotated bibliography for followup reading:
- For a basic intro to recursive types, and for the set-theoretic metatheory: see section IV, chapters 20 and 21.
- Benjamin C. Pierce (2002) Types and Programming Languages. MIT Press.
- The proof of logical inconsistency and non-termination is "well-known". For every type
τwe can define a fixed-point combinator and use that to exhibit an inhabitant of the type:fixτ = λf:(τ→τ). let e = λx:(μα.α→τ). f (x (unroll x)) in e (roll(μα.α→τ) e)⊥τ = fixτ (λx:τ. x)
- A category-theoretic proof that having fixed-points causes inconsistency
- Hagen Huwig and Axel Poigné (1990) A note on inconsistencies caused by fixpoints in a Cartesian Closed Category. Theoretical Computer Science, 73:101–112.
- The proof of Turing-completeness is "well-known". Here's a translation from the untyped λ-calculus to STLC with fixed-points:
(x)* = x(λx. e)* = roll(μα.α→α) (λx:(μα.α→α). e*)(f e)* = unroll (f*) (e*)
- Knaster–Tarski (1955): For any monotone function,
f, (a) the least fixed-point offis the intersection of allf-closed sets, and (b) the greatest fixed-point offis the union of allf-consistent sets.- Alfred Tarski (1955) A lattice-theoretical fixpoint theorem and its applications. Pacific Journal of Mathematics 5(2):285–309.
- Bronisław Knaster (1928) Un théorème sur les fonctions d'ensembles. Annales de la Société Polonaise de Mathématique, 6:133–134.
- For a quick introduction to category theory, a good place to start is:
- Benjamin C. Pierce (1991) Basic Category Theory for Computer Scientists. MIT Press.
- For a more thorough introduction to category theory, consider:
- Jiří Adámek, Horst Herrlich, and George Strecker (1990) Abstract and Concrete Categories: The Joy of Cats. John Wiley and Sons.
- The Boehm–Berarducci encoding
- Oleg Kiselyov (2012) Beyond Church encoding: Boehm–Berarducci isomorphism of algebraic data types and polymorphic lambda-terms
- Corrado Boehm and Alessandro Berarducci (1985) Automatic Synthesis of Typed Lambda-Programs on Term Algebras. Theoretical Computer Science, v39:135–154
- Under βη-equivalence, Church/Boehm–Berarducci encodings are only weakly initial (hence, can define functions by recursion but can't prove properties by induction)
- Herman Geuvers (1992) Inductive and Coinductive types with Iteration and Recursion. Proceedings of the 1992 Workshop on Types for Proofs and Programs, pp. 193–217
- However, using contextual equivalence, Church/Boehm–Berarducci encodings are (strongly) initial
- Neel Krishnaswami (2009) mentions in passing [Better citation needed]
- Surjective pairing cannot be encoded in STLC (i.e., the implicational fragment of intuitionistic propositional logic): see p.155
- Morten H. Sørensen and Paweł Urzyczyn (2006) Lectures on the Curry–Howard isomorphism. Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, v.149.
- However, adding it is a conservative extension
- Roel de Vrijer (1987) Surjective Pairing and Strong Normalization: Two themes in lambda calculus. dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
- Roel de Vrijer (1989) Extending the lambda calculus with surjective pairing is conservative. 4th LICS, pp.204–215.
- Kristian Støvring (2005) Extending the Extensional Lambda Calculus with Surjective Pairing is Conservative. BRICS.
- Boehm–Berarducci encoded pairs is not surjective pairing: the η-rule for Boehm–Berarducci encoding of pairs cannot be derived in System F. (The instances for closed terms can be, just not the general rule.)
- Peter Selinger mentions in passing (p.77) [Better citation needed]
- Compiling data types with Scott encodings
- Jan Martin Jansen, Pieter Koopman, and Rinus Plasmeijer (200X) Data Types and Pattern Matching by Function Application.
- Jan Martin Jansen, Pieter Koopman, and Rinus Plasmeijer (2006) Efficient Interpretation by Transforming Data Types and Patterns to Functions. Trends in Functional Programming.
- Jan Martin Jansen, Rinus Plasmeijer, and Pieter Koopman (2010) Comprehensive Encoding of Data Types and Algorithms in the λ-Calculus. J. Functional Programming.
- Pieter Koopman, Rinus Plasmeijer, and Jan Martin Jansen (2014) Church encoding of data types considered harmful for implementations. IFL submission
- For more on the difference between Scott and Mogensten–Scott encodings:
- Aaron Stump (2009) Directly Reflective Meta-Programming. J. Higher Order and Symbolic Computation, 22(2):115–144.
- Parigot encodings
- M. Parigot (1988) Programming with proofs: A second-order type theory. ESOP, LNCS 300, pp.145–159. Springer.
- Parigot encoding of natural numbers is not canonical (i.e., there exist terms of the correct type which do not represent numbers); though both Church/Boehm–Berarducci and Scott encoded natural numbers are.
- Herman Geuvers (2014) mentions in passing [Better citation needed]
- For more on catamorphisms, anamorphisms, paramorphisms, and apomorphisms
- Varmo Vene and Tarmo Uustalu (1998) Functional programming with apomorphisms (corecursion). In Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Phys. Math., 47:147–161
- Erik Meijer, Maarten Fokkinga, and Ross Paterson (1991) Functional Programming with Bananas, Lenses, Envelopes, and Barbed Wire. In Proc. 5th ACM conference on Functional programming languages and computer architecture, pp.124–144
- build/foldr list fusion
- Andy Gill, John Launchbury, and Simon Peyton Jones (1993) A short cut to deforestation. In Proc. Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture, pp.223–232.
- Many more links at the bottom of this page
- For another general introduction along the lines of what we covered in class
- Philip Wadler (1990) Recursive types for free!
- "Iterators" vs "recursors" in Heyting arithmetic and Gödel's System T: see ch.10:
- Morten H. Sørensen and Paweł Urzyczyn (2006) Lectures on the Curry–Howard isomorphism Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, v.149.
- There are a great many more papers by Tarmo Uustalu, Varmo Vene, Ralf Hinze, and Jeremy Gibbons on all this stuff; just google for it.